An abstract class in PHP is a class, which is declared with an abstract keyword. It is similar to a normal class, but has three main differences: 1. Object Creation: An abstract class cannot be instantiated directly, meaning we cannot…

Polymorphism is one of the four fundamental principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in PHP. The term “Polymorphism” is derived from two Greek words: Poly → Many Morphism → Forms Polymorphism in PHP is the ability of an object to take…

PHP 5 introduced the final keyword, which is used to restrict certain behaviors in PHP. It can be applied either to an entire class or to specific methods within a class. You cannot apply final keyword with properties in PHP.…

Covariant return types in PHP allow a child class method to return a more specific subtype than the return type declared in the parent class method. This feature was introduced in PHP 7.4 and is commonly used in PHP OOP…

Method overriding in PHP is one of the most important concepts of object-oriented programming (OOP). It allows a child class to provide its own specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its parent class. When the method…

We already know that PHP does not support multiple inheritance directly, meaning a class cannot extend more than one parent class. To overcome this limitation, PHP introduced Traits in PHP 5.4. What Are Traits in PHP? A trait in PHP…