An interface in PHP is simply a contract that defines a set of methods without implementations. It enforces a contract for what a class can do, without dictating how it does it. Any class that implements an interface must implement…
An abstract class in PHP is a class, which is declared with an abstract keyword. It is similar to a normal class, but has three main differences: 1. Object Creation: An abstract class cannot be instantiated directly, meaning we cannot…
Polymorphism is one of the four fundamental principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in PHP. The term “Polymorphism” is derived from two Greek words: Poly → Many Morphism → Forms Polymorphism in PHP is the ability of an object to take…
PHP 5 introduced the final keyword, which is used to restrict certain behaviors in PHP. It can be applied either to an entire class or to specific methods within a class. You cannot apply final keyword with properties in PHP.…
Covariant return types in PHP allow a child class method to return a more specific subtype than the return type declared in the parent class method. This feature was introduced in PHP 7.4 and is commonly used in PHP OOP…
